Which term refers to deviations from the text made by the reader?

The term that refers to deviations from the text made by the reader is miscue. Miscues occur during reading when a reader makes an error or alteration while attempting to read a text. These can include omissions of words, substitutions of incorrect words, or additions of words that are not present in the original text. Analyzing miscues provides valuable insights into a reader's decoding skills, comprehension, and overall reading development.

Graphemes, while related to reading, refer specifically to the smallest units of written language, such as letters or letter combinations that represent sounds. Phonemes represent the smallest units of sound in spoken language, which are foundational for phonics instruction but do not specifically indicate deviations in reading text. Approximations typically refer to attempts to express ideas in early writing or speaking that might not fully match standard language constructs, but they do not specifically denote errors in reading from a text.